ATRIBUTOS QUÍMICOS E FÍSICOS DO SOLO MANEJADO NO SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO EM FUNÇÃO DA CALAGEM SUPERFICIAL, MANEJO DA COBERTURA VEGETAL E ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA

Abstract

Surface application of lime in no-till system (NTS), result in a gradient between surface and subsurface soil layers due to acidity amelioration. Liming and nitrogen fertilization can change chemical soil profile and modify soil quality (biological, physical and chemical). The aim of this study was to investigate the magnitude of the chemical and physical changes of soil due to surface liming, cover crop management and nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in a split-plot on loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludox in Ponta Grossa, Parana State, Brazil, and 30 years under NTS. The main plots consisted of dolomite lime applied on soil surface without incorporation (control, 4, 8 and 12 Mg ha-1 of lime) in May 2004. The subplots were represented by winter crop management: without black oat cover crop (SCA); with black oat cover crop (CCA) and black oat fertilized with 180 kg ha-1 of N (CCA+N). After corn (Zea mays L.) harvest, in May 2009 (60 months after liming application), samples of soil layers 0 - 5, 5 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm were collected for determination of: pH; point of zero salt effect (PZSE), ΔpH, electrical conductivity (EC), total acidity (H+Al); content of exchangeable aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K); effective cation exchange capacity (CECE), available phosphorus (P), total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC). In this occasion, samples undisturbed were token from 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers and performed to macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity (TP) and bulk density (BD). Samples blocks of soil were also collected to measure the tensile strength of aggregates (TS). The surface liming, after five years of its use in soil managed for 30 years in NTS provides increase of Ca and Mg in all layers studied. When high levels of ammonium nitrate were applied on black oat, had an increase of soil acidification and reduction of Ca and Mg in the layer 0 - 5 and 5 - 10 cm. The liming and cover crop of black oat, with and without N application favored the accumulation of TOC and TN in all layers studied. Treatments with black oat provided increment of pH, EC, Ca, Mg, and TN in the layer 10 - 20 cm, showing the importance of vegetation for the improvement of soil fertility. The cover crop of black oat allied to liming under NTS consolidated had little change in the attributes PZSE, ΔpH and EC, but the values of the electrochemical properties obtained were adequate to the soil managed in the NTS. The treatments with black oat combined with liming reduced the macroporosity and contributed to the increase in RT at 0 - 10 cm. It was found that the lime in the level of 8 Mg ha-1 combined with lime and without black oat increased the microporosity at the layer 0 - 10 cm of the soil. In the layer 10 - 20 cm, the limestone associated with treatments of oat reduced macroporosity and increase microporosity of the soil. Key-words: electrochemical properties, tropical soil, dolimitic lime, agriculture conservationist.